lead storage cell
A lead storage cell, also known as a lead-acid battery, represents a cornerstone technology in energy storage solutions. This rechargeable battery system consists of lead and lead dioxide electrodes immersed in sulfuric acid electrolyte. During discharge, both electrodes convert to lead sulfate, while the process reverses during charging. The cell delivers a nominal voltage of 2.1 volts per cell, with multiple cells typically connected in series to achieve higher voltages. These batteries excel in providing high surge currents, making them ideal for automotive starting applications. Their robust construction ensures reliability in various environmental conditions, while their relatively low cost per watt-hour makes them economically viable for large-scale energy storage. The technology's maturity, developed over 150 years, has resulted in well-established manufacturing processes and recycling infrastructure. Modern lead storage cells incorporate advanced features like maintenance-free designs, improved grid alloys, and enhanced plate structures that extend service life and reduce maintenance requirements. These cells find widespread application in uninterruptible power supplies, solar energy storage systems, electric vehicles, and backup power installations.