lead acid batteries
Lead acid batteries represent one of the most established and reliable energy storage solutions in use today. These batteries operate through a chemical reaction between lead plates and sulfuric acid, creating electrical energy through a controlled process of oxidation and reduction. The fundamental design consists of lead and lead dioxide electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution of sulfuric acid. When charging, the chemical reaction is reversed, allowing the battery to be used multiple times. These batteries come in various configurations, including flooded (wet) cell, gel cell, and absorbed glass mat (AGM) types, each suited for different applications. They are widely used in automotive starting, lighting, and ignition systems, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), solar energy storage, and industrial equipment. The technology offers remarkable stability and predictable performance across varying conditions, making it a cornerstone of many power solutions. Lead acid batteries typically provide voltages in multiples of 2 volts per cell, with 12-volt batteries being the most common configuration for everyday applications. Their robust nature and ability to deliver high surge currents make them particularly valuable in starting engines and providing backup power.